How and why did science - natural history, astronomy, alchemy, medicine and mathematics - shift so radically from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment? Subjects to include: intellectual and social explanations; the clash of natural philosophical and mathematical claims to higher knowledge; relationships with religion; different sites for natural knowledge; new 'scientific' accounts of gender and difference; new institutional, representational and rhetorical forms; artisans, demonstrators and their relationship to 'philosophers'; how 'western' science came to be understood to be something distinct from what came before.
How and why did science shift so radically from European Renaissance to the Enlightenment?
What kinds of people produced new forms of knowledge? Whose skills and knowledge were ignored—or co-opted?
How did mathematics become so central? Experiments? Instruments?
How did new artistic and written forms change how people came to know and argue?
How was ‘western’ science related to Islamic and other sciences?
And how did these new sciences dramatically remake philosophy?