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The final chapter of my thesis “China and the Chinese in the Making of the Spanish Pacific (1571 – 1815)” examines the multilingual and transcultural knowledge production of Chinese and Mestizo communities, both the scholarly and non-elite class under Spanish rule. The chapter uncovers the intellectual endeavor of the Chinese communities who creatively incorporated distinct cultural elements in the production of the earliest catechisms in the Spanish Philippines. Not only merchants and laborers who provided goods, products and service to the colony, the migrants took initiative to preserve and circulate the multilingual repertoire that would benefit the entire community. For example, transculturalizing literary practices of Late Imperial China, over a hundred authors integrated Spanish, Tagalog, Malay, Nahuatl, Italian and Central American cultures in linguistic and business manuals.
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